What substance is commonly used as a buffering agent, neutralizer, and pH adjuster in skincare products?

Sodium bicarbonate is widely recognized as a buffering agent, neutralizer, and pH adjuster in skincare formulations. Its ability to maintain pH stability is essential for many skincare products to ensure they are effective and non-irritating for the skin. By neutralizing acids or bases, sodium bicarbonate helps to regulate the pH level, which is crucial since the skin has a natural pH balance that plays a significant role in its barrier function.

In contrast, citric acid, glycolic acid, and salicylic acid primarily serve as exfoliants or active ingredients targeting specific skin concerns such as acne or signs of aging. While these acids can influence the pH of a formulation, they are not primarily used for buffering purposes. Instead, they are more often associated with their roles in promoting skin cell turnover and improving the texture and appearance of the skin. Thus, sodium bicarbonate's function as a buffering agent sets it apart as the most suitable choice for this role in skincare products.